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Objective To understand the epidemiological features and changing patterns of intestinal parasitic diseases in Jiangxi Province from 1989 to 2014, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating the preventive and control strategy for intestinal parasitic diseases. Methods The data regarding the status of intestinal parasitic diseases in Jiangxi Province were captured from the 1989 national survey on the distribution of human parasites in China and the 2014 national survey on major human parasitic diseases in China, and the status of human intestinal parasite infections was compared between the two surveys in Jiangxi Province. Results The prevalence rate of human intestinal parasite infections was 79.59% and 9.64% in Jiangxi Province in 1989 and 2014, with a decline rate of 87.89% during the 25-year period (χ2 = 30 870.5, P < 0.01). There were 24 and 20 species of human intestinal parasites detected in Jiangxi Province in 1989 and 2014, respectively, with totally 26 species detected during the two surveys. In Jiangxi Province, the 3 most highly prevalent human intestinal parasites included Ascaris lumbricoides (71.06%), hookworm (17.61%) and Enterobius vermicularis (17.59%) in 1989, and E. vermicularis (13.73%), hookworm (4.66%), whipworm (0.95%) in 2014. A higher rate of human intestinal parasite infections was found in females than in males in both surveys in Jiangxi Province (P < 0.01), and the prevalence of human intestinal parasite infections reduced by 82.50% to 95.31% in different age groups in Jiangsu Province during the 25-year period. Conclusions The prevalence of human intestinal parasite infections shows a remarkable decline tendency in Jiangxi Province, and soil-transmitted nematodes remain the main species of human intestinal parasites in Jiangxi Province.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological features and changing patterns of intestinal parasitic diseases in Jiangxi Province from 1989 to 2014, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating the preventive and control strategy for intestinal parasitic diseases. Methods The data regarding the status of intestinal parasitic diseases in Jiangxi Province were captured from the 1989 national survey on the distribution of human parasites in China and the 2014 national survey on major human parasitic diseases in China, and the status of human intestinal parasite infections was compared between the two surveys in Jiangxi Province. Results The prevalence rate of human intestinal parasite infections was 79.59% and 9.64% in Jiangxi Province in 1989 and 2014, with a decline rate of 87.89% during the 25-year period (χ2 = 30 870.5, P < 0.01). There were 24 and 20 species of human intestinal parasites detected in Jiangxi Province in 1989 and 2014, respectively, with totally 26 species detected during the two surveys. In Jiangxi Province, the 3 most highly prevalent human intestinal parasites included Ascaris lumbricoides (71.06%), hookworm (17.61%) and Enterobius vermicularis (17.59%) in 1989, and E. vermicularis (13.73%), hookworm (4.66%), whipworm (0.95%) in 2014. A higher rate of human intestinal parasite infections was found in females than in males in both surveys in Jiangxi Province (P < 0.01), and the prevalence of human intestinal parasite infections reduced by 82.50% to 95.31% in different age groups in Jiangsu Province during the 25-year period. Conclusions The prevalence of human intestinal parasite infections shows a remarkable decline tendency in Jiangxi Province, and soil-transmitted nematodes remain the main species of human intestinal parasites in Jiangxi Province.
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Objective To understand the epidemic status of clonorchiasis and awareness of prevention and control knowledge in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidences for control measures. Methods The baseline survey was carried out with a clue in vestigation of raw-fish eating behavior in potential endemic areas in 2016.The residents were examined by stool tests. The metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in fish, the rediae and cercariae in freshwater mollusk were detected. The feces samples of cats, dogs and pigs were collected and examined by sedimentation technique. Meanwhile, the epidemic factors, health knowledge and behavior were also surveyed. Results The residents in 26 villages had the habit of eating raw freshwater fish, and 19.51% of the respondents had this habit. The average infection rates of the population, Parafossarulus striatulus, freshwater fishes and reservoir hosts were 21.56%, 0, 8.24% and 2.27%, respectively. The infection rate of the population increased with age. There was a significant positive correlation between the behavior and the infection rate of the population (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). Only 11.46% of the respondents knew that eating raw-fish might cause C. sinensis infection, and 5.28% of them knew that C. sinensis was harmful to health. Conclusions Twenty-six villages in five townships were endemic areas of clonorchiasis in Xinfeng County. The permanent solution of prevention and control of clonorchiasis is to strengthen the health education and change the habit of raw-fish eating gradually.
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Objective To understand the epidemic status of clonorchiasis and awareness of prevention and control knowledge in Xinfeng County of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidences for control measures. Methods The baseline survey was carried out with a clue in vestigation of raw-fish eating behavior in potential endemic areas in 2016.The residents were examined by stool tests. The metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in fish, the rediae and cercariae in freshwater mollusk were detected. The feces samples of cats, dogs and pigs were collected and examined by sedimentation technique. Meanwhile, the epidemic factors, health knowledge and behavior were also surveyed. Results The residents in 26 villages had the habit of eating raw freshwater fish, and 19.51% of the respondents had this habit. The average infection rates of the population, Parafossarulus striatulus, freshwater fishes and reservoir hosts were 21.56%, 0, 8.24% and 2.27%, respectively. The infection rate of the population increased with age. There was a significant positive correlation between the behavior and the infection rate of the population (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). Only 11.46% of the respondents knew that eating raw-fish might cause C. sinensis infection, and 5.28% of them knew that C. sinensis was harmful to health. Conclusions Twenty-six villages in five townships were endemic areas of clonorchiasis in Xinfeng County. The permanent solution of prevention and control of clonorchiasis is to strengthen the health education and change the habit of raw-fish eating gradually.
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To know the status of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children in Jiangxi Province in 2014, so as to provide the evidence for the formulation of prevention and control measures.A survey was performed according to the scheme of the 3rd Principal Human Parasites of Jiangxi Province in 2014. Based on the ecological regions, a stratified cluster sampling method was applied by the economic and geographic situation. There were 84 survey sites from 28 counties, and the basic data were also collected in the different investigation sites, and the round-end tube adhesive cellophane anal swab was used to examine E. vermicularis eggs for the children aged 3–6 years.A total of 1 486 children aged 3-6 years were detected, the E. vermicularis infection rate was 13.73% (204/1 486), and the infection rates were 13.89% (114/821) and 13.53% (90/665) in the male and female, respectively. The infection rate in the different age groups showed a gradual rise then fall trend, the lowest infection rate was 10.05% (38/378) in the 3-year age group, and the highest infection rate was 18.24% (81/444) in the 5-year age group. The infection rates in the high, medium and low-income survey sites were 13.79% (87/631), 17.23% (51/296), and 11.81% (66/559), respectively. The E. vermicularis infection rates in the 4 ecological regions were from 12.34% to 17.74%, but there was no significant difference among the different ecological regions (P > 0.05).The status of E. vermicularis infection in children in Jiangxi Province is relatively serious, and therefore, the parasitic disease control sectors should continue to strengthen the monitoring and control work of E. vermicularis infection in children.
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To understand the status of human hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus) infection in Jiangxi Province.A stratified cluster random sampling was conducted based on the geographical location and economic condition in 2014. Kato-Katz’s thick smear method was used for stool examinations, and filter paper cultivation was conducted for distinguishing the species of hookworms.A total of 21 615 persons were involved in the investigation, and there were 1 095 persons infected with hookworm with the prevalence of 5.07% (standardized rate of 4.05%). The infection rate of hookworm in Nanfeng County was the highest (13.96%). Most of the infected people had low worm burden (95.43%). The infection rate of hookworm of the female was higher than that of the male (χ2 = 28.03, P < 0.05). The prevalence increased with the age, while the infection rate of hookworm in people at ages of 75 years and higher was the highest (14.79%). Housewife was the highest risk occupation with the infection rate of 7.55%. The differences of infection rates among different educational level groups were significant (χ2 = 135.88, P < 0.05). The prevalence rates of hookworm in different landforms were significantly different (χ2 = 34.37, P < 0.05). The priority species was N. americanus (80.41%) in Jiangxi Province.The infection rate of hookworm decreases obviously in Jiangxi Province. The high risk groups of hookworm infection are the people with low educational level, female and elder age-group.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the impact of water level changes on the distribution of snails around lakes, and to study the possibility of forecasting the distribution of snails according to changes of water level reacted by remote sensing images.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All information including water level information of Xingzi Hydrometric Station from 1997 to 2007, twelve TM images of Poyang Lake between 1998 and 2006 were collected. The water areas of Poyang Lake was extracted by MNDWI threshold approach, and the relationships between water areas from TM images and water level from Hydrometric Station was analyzed; Majiawan and Menqiantan marshland of Zhuxi village, Xingzi county was chosen as study pilot to set frames and investigate snails 2991 frames in 2007, and the information of snails of this pilot from 1998 to 2006 was collected to analyze the relationships between snails and water level.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The water areas of Poyang Lake extracted from Remote Sensing images from 1998 to 2006 was 1658.73 - 5873.48 km(2), and the corresponding daily water level of Xingzi Hydrometric Station was 9.96 - 21.72 m, according to correlation analysis, they were positive correlation relationship, the correlation coefficient was 0.96 (P < 0.01), and build a model: S = 5189.96 x ln(h) - 10 284.97; the percent of frames with living snail of zhuxi pilot from 1998 - 2007 was 28.33% - 77.46%, the corresponding monthly average water level of last August was 13.19 - 21.96 m, the corresponding highest water level of last year was 15.97 - 21.96 m, according to correlation analysis. The percent of frames with living snail of zhuxi pilot was negatively correlated with the corresponding monthly average water level of last August and the corresponding highest water level of last year, and the correlation coefficient was -0.69 (P < 0.05), and -0.77 (P < 0.01) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Water areas of Poyang Lake extracted from remote sensing images could well express the actual changes of water level, and the highest water level ahead of the year investigating snails influence the distribution of snails, thus we can estimate the distribution of snails around lakes by remote sensing images.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , China , Environmental Monitoring , Methods , Forecasting , Fresh Water , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted , Pilot Projects , Satellite Communications , Snails , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control by forbidding livestock denaturing on marshland with Oncomelania snails and to analyse its influencing factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The village of Aiguo, Xinhe, Huangjia, Fanrong, Fengfu and Caomen and its respective nearby marshland, i.e., Aiguoniu, Liulingwei, Huangjianiu, Da, Goulian, and Litouzui, in Jinxian county, Jiangxi province were selected as the pilot areas for implementing the measures of forbidding livestock denaturing on the marshlands with Oncomelania snails during the period of the year 2005 to 2007. A total of 300 residents in each village were randomly chosen for stool examination with the Kato-Katz technique every year. The snail survey was carried out in spring and autumn every year on the marshlands close to the villages with systemic sampling method. The marshlands with a height 16.5 m above the sea level in Futian was selected for snail survey and planting with sesame. The residents aged 20 - 50 years old in Fengfu and Aiguo villages were studied by using questionnaire on the compliance of forbidding livestock pasturing on marshlands with Oncomelania snails.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Before implementation of the measures, human infection rate with Schistosoma japonicum was 11.35% (90/793) in Aiguo, 4.00% (12/300) in Xinhe, 4.00% (6/150) in Huangjia, 8.00% (12/150) in Fanrong, 3.17% (4/126) in Fengfu and 6.64% (14/211) in Caomen. After implementation in 2008, human schistsome infection rate in the aforementioned 6 villages was declined to 0.18% (1/551), 0.00% (0/348), 0.00% (0/316), 2.27% (7/308), 1.17% (5/428) and 1.16% (5/430), respectively. Only in Fengfu village the decline of the human prevalence was not significant (χ(2) = 2.4, P = 0.12), while in the other 5 villages, human prevalence rate had been declined significantly (χ(2) = 126.77, P < 0.01; χ(2) = 16.31, P < 0.01; χ(2) = 18.79, P < 0.01; χ(2) = 10.39, P < 0.01; χ(2) = 14.17, P < 0.01, respectively). Infected snails were not found in 5 out of the 6 marshlands close to the villages. Three infected snails were founded in Da marshland because of poor environmental isolation. Before planting, the living snail density was 0.063/0.11 m(2) (34/540), and after planting, the living snail density was 0.0074/0.11 m(2) (4/538), a 88.25% reduction (Z = 12.47, P < 0.01) was recorded through economy crop planting at Futiandaan marshland in 2008. A total of 986 pieces of questionnaire were provided, and 968 valid ones were collected. The results of questionnaire indicate that compliance of forbidding livestock denaturing on marshland with Oncomelania snails in Aiguo and Fengfu villages was 84.38% (216/256) and 75.42% (537/712), respectively. Using logistic regression model, knowledge level on harmfulness of livestock denaturing on marshland with Oncomelania snails, willingness of culture with machine to substitute traditional cattle culture, and willingness of investment to marshland culture development are 3 varieties that affect residents' implementation of forbidding livestock denaturing on marshland with Oncomelania snails.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The infected snail density and human schistosome infection rate were reduced on the marshlands of well environmental isolation after 2 - 3 years implementation of forbidding livestock denaturing on marshlands with Oncomelania snails. The key influencing factors of forbidding livestock denaturing on marshland with Oncomelania snails are knowledge level on harmfulness of livestock denaturing on the snail infested marshlands, the willingness of machine culture to substitute cattle culture, and the willingness of investment to marshland culture development.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Animal Husbandry , Methods , Environmental Restoration and Remediation , Logistic Models , Risk Factors , SchistosomiasisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the diagnostic efficiency of circulating antigen using the TM5.28 mAB-biotin-avidin system for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A mAb-biotin-avidin system was set up using a TM5.28 mAB which was prepared against a gut associated antigen of Schistosoma japonicum. Detection was performed on the sera from 50 acute schistosomiasis patients, 224 chronic patients, 49 advanced patients and 46 schistosomiasis patients who were followed up at 6 months and 12 months post treatment. In addition, 19 cases of clonorchiasis, 31 cases of paragonimiasis, 23 cases of hepatitis B and 100 healthy individuals were also included.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The system showed sensitivity of 83.1% and specificity of 94.0% when applied to detect chronic schistosomiasis and healthy persons respectively, while 94.0% to acute schistosomiasis. The Youden's index of the system was 0.771. The rate of cross-reaction to paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis and hepatitis B was 12.9%, 15.8% and 13.0% respectively. The rates of negative turning were 43.9% and 62.1% respectively in chronic schistosomiasis at the 6 month and 12 month intervals after treatment. Geometric mean of the OD values also decreased from 0.172 before treatment to 0.081 at 6 months and 0.068 at 12 months after treatment with a reduction rate of 60.30%. The detection rate in the heavy infected population reached a maximum of 90.0%. This was similar in moderate and light infected populations, i.e., 83.9% and 82.1%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The TM5.28 mAb-biotin-avidin system showed a relatively high efficiency in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and a high negative turning rate after treatment. It is, therefore, a valuable tool for the estimation of prevalence in endemic populations, as well as individual diagnosis and for assessing the effect of chemotherapy.</p>